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What is CSS? Full Beginner Guide With All Important Concepts

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. While HTML provides structure to a webpage, CSS controls how the webpage looks — colors, layouts, fonts, backgrounds, spacing, and much more.

HTML = Structure
CSS = Design & Layout

How to Use CSS in HTML

There are 3 ways to include CSS in a webpage:

1. Inline CSS

<h1 style="color:blue;">Hello World!</h1>

2. Internal CSS

<style>
  h1 { color: blue; }
</style>

3. External CSS (Best Method)

<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">

CSS Syntax

selector {
  property: value;
}
Example: 
p {
  color: red;
}

CSS Selectors

1. Element Selector

p { color: blue; }

2. Class Selector

.myText { color: red; }

3. ID Selector

#heading { font-size: 24px; }

4. Universal Selector

* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }

5. Group Selector

h1, p { color: green; }

CSS Colors

color: red;
color: #00bcd4;
color: rgb(0, 200, 100);

Backgrounds

background-color: yellow;
background-image: url("bg.jpg");
background-size: cover;

Border Styling

border: 2px solid blue;
border-radius: 10px;

Text Styling

Example: 
h1 {
  font-family: Arial;
  font-size: 30px;
  text-align: center;
}

The CSS Box Model

Every HTML element has:
  • content
  • padding
  • border
  • margin
Example: 
div {
  margin: 20px;
  padding: 10px;
  border: 1px solid black;
}

Display Property

Common values:
  • block
  • inline
  • flex
  • grid
Example: 
div { display: flex; }

Position Property

Common types:
  • static
  • relative
  • absolute
  • fixed
  • sticky
Example: 
.box {
  position: absolute;
  top: 20px;
  left: 50px;
}

Flexbox (Modern Layout)

.container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 10px;
}

Grid Layout

.container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
}

Hover Effects

button:hover {
  background: red;
}

Animations

@keyframes move {
  from { left: 0; }
  to { left: 100px; }
}

Final Summary

  • CSS controls the visual design of web pages
  • Selectors target HTML elements
  • Properties define the style
  • Box model determines element spacing
  • Flexbox & Grid are modern layout systems

In the next lesson, we will build real websites using CSS step by step.

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